Analisis Proses Berpikir Siswa Dalam Memecahkan Masalah Matematika Ditinjau Dari Tipe Kepribadian Extrovert-introvert Dan Gender

This research aims to discribe the thinking process of male and female junior high school students with extrovert and introvert personality type in solving math problems using Polya steps. This research was a descriptive qualitative research. The subjects of this research were 10 junior high school students of 3 Depok Junior High School, consisting of 3 extrovert male students, 2 extrovert female students, 2 introvert male students, and 3 introvert female students. Subject selection procedure was done by purposive and snowball sampling methods. The data collection was conducted by categorizing students' personality type, giving mathematics test to the research subjects, and interviewing the research subjects. In order to get valid data, the researcher used time triangulation. Technique of data analysis were done by: (1) classifying the data into four problem solving steps: (a) understand the problem, (b) make a plan, (c) carry out the plan, and (d) look back at the completed solution, (2) presenting the data in narrative text, and (3) concluding the thinking process of students in each problem solving steps. Male students with extrovert personality type, in understanding problem using assimilation thinking process, make a plan using assimilation thinking process, in carrying out the plan using accommodation thinking process, and look back the completed solution using assimilation thinking process. Female students with extrovert personality type, in understanding problem, make a plan, carry out the plan, and look back the completed solution using assimilation thinking process. Male students with introvert personality type, in understanding problem, make a plan, carry out the plan, and look back the completed solution using assimilation thinking process. Female students with introvert personality type, in understanding problem, make a plan, and looking back the completed solution using assimilation thinking process, and then in carry out the plan using incomplete assimilation thinking process

Pengaruh Radiasi Sinar Gamma terhadap Kemampuan Degradasi Lignin Phanerochaete Chrysosporium dan Ganoderma Lucidum

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan aktivitas enzim ektraseluler fungi lignoselulotik yakni Phanerochaete chrysosporium dan Ganoderma lucidum dalam mendegradasi limbah lignoselulosa. Lignoselulosa sulit didegradasi karena terdiri dari lignin, selulosa dan hemiselulosa. Phanerochaete chrysosporium dan Ganoderma lucidum dari kelompok White Rot Fungi dapat mendegradasi lignin karena mampu mensintesa enzim lignin peroksidase (LiP). Iradisi sinar gamma dosis rendah mampu menstimulasi peningkatan aktivitas enzim ekstraselular. Fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium dan Ganoderma lucidum dalam medium slent dipapar dengan iradiasi gamma pada dosis 0 (kontrol), 200, 400, 600, 800 dan 1000 Gy. Di dalam medium cair mengandung Potatoes Dextrose Broth (PDB), garam mineral dengan substrat Lignin Alkali 0 dan 5%b/v, fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium yang dipapar sinar gamma dosis 600 Gy memiliki aktivitas LiP (30U/mL) sebesar 2,5 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kontrol (12 U/mL). Sedangkan Ganoderma lucidum yang dipapari radiasi gamma dengan dosis 800 Gy memiliki aktivitas LiP (34U/mL) sebesar 1,7 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol (20 U/mL). Fermentasi padat substrat serbuk kayu jati putih (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) selama 12 hari dengan pH 6,4; dan kadar air 79% oleh fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium yang diradiasi sinar gamma dosis 600 Gy memiliki efisiensi degradasi lignin sebesar 42%, sedangkan pada fungi Ganoderma lucidum yang diradiasi sinar gamma dosis 800 Gy memiliki efisiensi degradasi lignin sebesar 21% dengan kondisi optimal pH 7,6 dan kadar air 71,3%. INFLUENCE OF GAMMA RAYS RADIATION ON LIGNIN DEGRADATION POTENCY OF PHANEROCHAETE CHRYSOSPORIUM AND GANODERMA LUCIDUM. This research aims to increase the activity of extracellular enzymes lignolitik fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Ganoderma lucidum to degrade lignocellulosic waste. Lignocellulosic difficult to degrade because it is composed of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose. Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Ganoderma lucidum group White rot fungi can degrade lignin because it is able to synthesize enzymes lignin peroxidase (LiP). Iradisi low dose gamma rays capable menstimulsi increase extracellular enzyme activity. Fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Ganoderma lucidum in medium slent exposed to gamma irradiation at doses of 0 (control), 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 Gy. In a liquid medium containing Potatoes Dextrose Broth (PDB), mineral salts with the substrate Lignin Alkali 0 and 5% w / v, fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium were exposed to a dose of 600 Gy of gamma rays have LiP activity (30U / mL) by 2.5 times higher compared with controls (12 U / mL). While Ganoderma lucidum that are exposed to gamma radiation at a dose of 800 Gy has LiP activity (34U / mL) was 1.7 times higher than the control (20 U / mL). On a solid substrate fermentation of white teak powder (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) For 12 days at pH 6.4 and water content of 79% by fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium were exposed to gamma ray dose of 600 Gy has an efficiency of lignin degradation by 42%, whereas on fungi Ganoderma lucidum that are exposed gamma ray dose of 800 Gy has an efficiency of lignin degradation by 21% with optimal conditions of pH 7. And ; water content of 71.3%